The Roman historian Pliny the Elder (23-79 CE) says it was mainly gold that went to India, which was a problem for the Roman economy because the balance of trade was firmly in India’s favour. The flow of goods in the other direction was more limited. And what about the trade from Rome to India? Nonetheless, it remained an expensive treat. Around 80 per cent of the 478 recipes included in the Roman cookbook of Apicius included pepper. In fact, by the end of the first century, Indian pepper became almost as readily available as it is today. India’s biggest export by far was pepper, large quantities of which have been found during excavations at Berenike, often in torpedo-shaped pottery jars, each weighing more than 10 kg. There was also demand for “exotic” goods, such as wild animals like elephants and tigers.Īnd of course, there were spices. In fact, the city once had a shop which apparently sold nothing but ivory products. A famous ivory figure of a voluptuously pouting yakshi fertility spirit, found in the ruins of Pompeii, can be dated to this period. There was a great demand across the Roman Empire for luxuries from India: from the cinnamon-like plant called malabathrum, whose leaves were pressed to create perfume, to ivory, pearls, and precious gemstones. If the figures given on the Muziris Papyrus were correct - and there are no reasons to doubt them - then custom taxes raised on the trade coming through the Red Sea would alone have covered around one-third of the entire revenues that the Roman Empire required to administer its global conquests and maintain its vast legions, from lowland Scotland to the borders of Persia, and from the Sahara to the banks of the Rhine and Danube.Īt the route’s peak, in the 1st and 2nd century CE, we had this maritime highway linking the Roman Empire and India, through the Red Sea, with many hundreds of ships going in both directions each year. However, he incorrectly interpreted his finds solely in terms of Roman merchants trading to India: he failed to give Indian merchants and ship owners any agency in this trade, which they undoubtedly had. Sir Mortimer Wheeler was digging south of modern Pondicherry at Arikamedu in the 1930s and 40s, and established the existence of Indo-Roman trade in the 1st century CE. What do we know about the ancient Red Sea trade route?įor years, we have known that there was trade between Rome and India in Antiquity. Here, he speaks to The Indian Expressregarding the ancient Red Sea trade route, much bigger and historically more significant than the overland route from China. William Dalrymple ’s upcoming book, The Golden Road, delves into this subject in detail. The existence of this trade, which peaked in the early centuries of the common era, has been known for long however, evidence of its scale - eclipsing the more romanticised overland Silk Road- has only recently emerged strongly. For evergreen grasses this wounding will really affect their ability to live through the winter.The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor announced at the G20 Summit harkens to an ancient trade route between the subcontinent and the Roman Empire. Dividing plants wounds them to some degree. In areas where winter temperatures remain above 35 degrees it can be considered a perennial and the following information should be useful.Įvergreen or neutral grasses are usually plants that look like grasses but aren't actually classified as grasses, they are generally called grass-like plants.ĭivide evergreen or neutral grasses and grass-like plants in spring only.Įvergreen grasses don't ever go dormant. It should not be expected to live through the winter and begin growing again in the spring. Once the grass turns brown it can either be removed immediately or removed in the spring. Where temperatures get colder than 35 degrees F, the plants should be treated as annuals. Prince Tut is an evergreen or neutral grass. It is best to keep the soil moist, but once established Price Tut has can be surprisingly tolerant of dry conditions. Prince Tut will also do well when planted in normal garden beds. If the plant is put into a pot, I would suggest plugging the hole or holes in the bottom of the pot to keep as much water as possible in the pot. The root ball can be submerged but it isn't necessary. The purpose is to keep the bulk of the soil or root mass wet. The crown of the plant should never be covered in water and in fact both of these varieties can thrive in water as shallow as a few inches. The plant can be planted in pots, along the waters edge of a pond, or even in a pond. It is a very fast grower and will quickly grow to impressive size when replanted in the spring. Cyperus Papyrus is not hardy enough to survive winters with freezing temperatures and it is not a candidate to overwinter inside.
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